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Autonomous car technology company

Waymo LLC
Type Subsidiary
Industry Autonomous cars
Predecessor Google Self-Driving Car Project
Founded Jan 17, 2009; thirteen years ago  (January 17, 2009) (as the Google Cocky-Driving Car Project)
December 13, 2016; five years ago  (2016-12-thirteen) (as Waymo)
Founder
  • Sebastian Thrun
  • Anthony Levandowski
Headquarters

Mountain View, California

,

U.South.

Key people
  • Dmitri Dolgov (Co-CEO)
  • Tekedra Mawakana (Co-CEO)
Parent
  • Google, Inc. (2009–2016)
  • Alphabet Inc. (2016–present)
Website waymo.com

Waymo LLC is an American autonomous driving technology evolution company. It is a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc, the parent company of Google. Waymo operates a commercial self-driving taxi service in the greater Phoenix, Arizona area called "Waymo One", with Chandler, Arizona fully mapped. In October 2020, the visitor expanded the service to the public, and it was the only cocky-driving commercial service that operates without safety backup drivers in the vehicle at that time.[1] [2] [three] [4] [5] [6] [seven] [viii] Waymo too develops driving technology for use in other vehicles, including delivery vans and Class 8 tractor-trailers for delivery and logistics.

Waymo is run past co-CEOs Tekedra Mawakana and Dmitri Dolgov.[9] The company has raised $3 billion in two outside funding rounds.[x] Waymo has partnerships with multiple vehicle manufacturers to integrate Waymo's technology, including with Daimler AG, Nissan-Renault, Stellantis, Jaguar Land Rover, and Volvo.[xi]

History [edit]

Ground work [edit]

Google's development of cocky-driving technology began on Jan 17, 2009,[12] at the company'due south secretive Google Ten lab run by co-founder Sergey Brin.[thirteen] The project was launched by Sebastian Thrun, the quondam director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (Canvass) and Anthony Levandowski, founder of 510 Systems and Anthony's Robots.[fourteen] [fifteen]

Before working at Google, Thrun and 15 engineers, including Dmitri Dolgov, Anthony Levandowski, and Mike Montemerlo worked together on a digital mapping technology project for Canvass called VueTool.[16] Many of the team members had met at the 2005 DARPA 1000 Challenge where both Thrun and Levandowski had teams competing in the robotic, self-driving car claiming.[17] [18] In 2007, Google acqui-hired the unabridged VueTool team to aid advance Google's Street View applied science.[sixteen] [17] [xix] [20]

As role of Street View'south development, 100 Toyota Priuses were purchased[15] and outfitted with the Topcon box, digital mapping hardware developed past Levandowski's company 510 Systems.[21] [17] [15]

In 2008, the Street View team launched project Ground Truth,[22] to create accurate road maps past extracting data from satellites and street views. This laid the background for the Google's self-driving motorcar program.[23]

Pribot [edit]

In February 2008, a Discovery Aqueduct producer for the documentary series Prototype This! called Levandowski.[17] [24] The producer requested to infringe Levandowski's Ghost Passenger, the democratic 2-wheeled motocycle Levandowski's Berkeley team had built for the 2004 DARPA Yard Challenge.[25] However, in 2007, Levandowski had donated the self-driving bike to the Smithsonian.[26] Since the motorbike was not available, Levandowski offered to retrofit a Toyota Prius as a cocky-driving pizza delivery car for the show.[17]

Equally a Google employee, Levandowski asked Larry Page and Sebastian Thrun, if Google was interested in participating in the show. Both declined, citing liability bug.[25] However, they authorized Levandowski to motion forwards with building the car, given it was clear that it was not associated with Google.[17] [27] Inside weeks Levandowski founded Anthony'due south Robots then that he and his squad could modify a Toyota Prius without reference to Google.[xvi] He retrofitted the motorcar with light detection and ranging technology (LiDAR), sensors, cameras, and software from his company 510 Systems and named the paradigm, the Pribot.[25] The Pribot was the first self-driving car to bulldoze on public roads.[xiv] The episode featuring Pribot driving itself and the pizza beyond the San Francisco Bay Bridge nether police escort aired in December 2008.[28] [fourteen] [27] [29]

After the broad press coverage of the Pribot, Levandowski and Thrun were greenlit to launch Google'due south self-driving car programme in January 2009.[25] In 2011, Google quietly acquired Levandowski'south technology - the nucleus of Google's self-driving motorcar projection,[25] via his ii companies, 510 Systems, co-founded aslope Pierre-Yves Droz and Andrew Schultz, and Anthony's Robots for an estimated $20 million.[21] [16] [28] [14] [30]

A Firefly self-driving Waymo machine

Project Chauffeur [edit]

Project Chauffeur ran for most two years undetected, road testing with vii vehicles earlier the New York Times revealed their existence on October 9, 2010.[18] Google announced its self-driving car initiative via its web log subsequently the aforementioned day.[19] [31]

Starting in 2010, lawmakers in diverse states expressed concerns over how to regulate the emerging engineering science. Nevada passed a law in June 2011 concerning the operation of democratic cars in Nevada,[32] which went into effect on March ane, 2012.[33] Google had been lobbying for driverless machine laws.[32] [34] [35] A Toyota Prius modified with Google's experimental driverless engineering was licensed by the Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) in May 2012.[36] The automobile was "driven" past Chris Urmson with Anthony Levandowski in the passengers seat.[36] This was the first license issued in the U.s.a. for a cocky-driven car.[33]

In late May 2014, Google revealed a new prototype of its driverless car, which had no steering bike, gas pedal, or restriction pedal, existence 100% autonomous.[37] [38] In Dec, they unveiled a fully functioning prototype that they planned to test on San Francisco Bay Surface area roads beginning in early 2015.[39] Called the Firefly, the auto was intended to serve as a platform for experimentation and learning, not mass production.[40]

In 2015, co-founder Anthony Levandowski left the project. In August 2015, Google hired onetime Hyundai Motor executive, John Krafcik, as CEO.[41] In fall 2015, Google provided "the world's first fully driverless ride on public roads" to a legally blind friend of chief engineer Nathaniel Fairfield.[42] The ride was taken by Steve Mahan, former CEO of the Santa Clara Valley Bullheaded Center, in Austin, Texas. Information technology was the first entirely driverless drive on a public road. It was not accompanied by a test driver or police escort.[43] The auto had no steering wheel or floor pedals.[44] By the end of 2015, Project Chauffeur had driven more than than a million self-driven miles.[21]

Waymo [edit]

In December 2016, the project was renamed Waymo and became a new start-up company that is part of Alphabet.[45] The name Waymo was derived from its mission, "a new way forward in mobility."[46] Waymo underwent further exam on its cars on public roads later its separation from Google.[47]

In 2017, Waymo sued Uber for allegedly stealing trade secrets.[20] A courtroom certificate revealed Google had spent $1.1 billion on the project between 2009 and 2015. For comparison, the acquisition of Prowl Automation by Full general Motors in March 2016 was reported at only over $500 1000000, and Uber's conquering of Otto in August 2016 was for $680 million.[48]

Waymo began testing autonomous minivans without a condom driver on public roads in Chandler, Arizona, in October 2017.[49]

In April 2019, Waymo appear plans for vehicle assembly in Detroit at the one-time American Axle & Manufacturing plant, bringing betwixt 100 and 400 jobs to the area. Waymo will use vehicle assembler Magna to turn Jaguar I-Footstep and Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid minivans into Waymo Level 4 democratic vehicles.[50] [51] Waymo subsequently decided to go along retrofitting existing auto models rather than manufacturing a new pattern like the Firefly.[52]

In March 2020, the Alphabet unit formally launched Waymo Via after announcing that information technology has raised $2.25 billion from a group of investors.[53] In May 2020, Waymo raised an additional $750 million, bringing their total outside investment to $3 billion.[10] In July 2020, the company announced an exclusive partnership with auto manufacturer Volvo to integrate Waymo's self-driving engineering into Volvo'southward vehicles.[54] [55]

In April 2021, John Krafcik stepped downwards every bit CEO and was replaced by ii co-CEOs: Waymo's COO Tekedra Mawakana and CTO Dmitri Dolgov.[56] Waymo raised $2.5 billion in a 2nd funding circular in June 2021.[57] [58]

Technology [edit]

A self-driving motorcar with the previous Google branding

A Lexus RX450h retrofitted past Google for its self-driving car project

In 2017, Waymo unveiled new sensors and fries that are less expensive to manufacture, cameras that better visibility, and wipers to clear the lidar organisation.[59] Waymo manufactures a suite of cocky-driving hardware developed in-house.[lx] These sensors and hardware-enhanced vision system, improved radar, and laser-based lidar—reduce Waymo's dependence on suppliers.[47] [60] The in-house production system allows Waymo to integrate its technology to the hardware efficiently.[61] At the beginning of the self-driving car plan, the visitor spent $75,000 for each lidar organization from Velodyne.[61] In 2017, the cost decreased approximately 90 pct, with Waymo designing its own version of lidar.[62]

Waymo officials said the cars the company uses are built for full autonomy with sensors that give 360-degree views and lasers that observe objects up to 300 meters away.[47] Short-range lasers observe and focus on objects near the vehicle, while radar is used to run into around vehicles and track objects in move.[47] The interior of these cars includes buttons for riders to control sure functions: "help," "lock," "pull over," and "outset ride."[63]

Waymo engineers accept as well created a program called Carcraft, a virtual world where Waymo can simulate driving atmospheric condition.[64] [65] The simulator was named after the video game Globe of Warcraft.[64] [65] With Carcraft, 25,000 virtual self-driving cars navigate through models of Austin, Texas, Mountain View, California, Phoenix, Arizona, and other cities.[64] As of 2018[update], Waymo has driven more than than 5 billion miles in the virtual world.[66]

Waymo has created partnerships with Stellantis,[47] Daimler AG,[67] Lyft,[47] AutoNation,[68] Avis,[47] Intel,[69] Jaguar Land Rover,[70] and Volvo.[54]

The Waymo project team has equipped diverse types of cars with the self-driving equipment, including the Toyota Prius, Audi TT, Fiat Chrysler Pacifica, and Lexus RX450h.[71] [72] Google too developed a custom vehicle, approximately 100 of which were assembled past Roush Enterprises with equipment from Bosch, ZF Lenksysteme, LG, and Continental.[73] [74]

In May 2016, Google and Stellantis announced an lodge of 100 Chrysler Pacifica hybrid minivans to test the self-driving engineering science.[75] Waymo ordered an additional 500 Pacifica hybrids in 2017, and in late May 2018, Alphabet appear plans to add upward to 62,000 Pacifica Hybrid minivans to the fleet.[76] [77] In March 2018, Jaguar Land Rover appear that Waymo had ordered up to 20,000 of its planned electric I-Pace cars at an estimated price of more than $one billion.[78] [79] Jaguar is to deliver the outset I-Pace prototype afterward in the year, and the cars are to get part of Waymo's ride-hailing service in 2020.[lxxx] [81] [82]

Waymo partnered with Intel to use Intel technologies, such as processors, inside Waymo vehicles.[83] It has deals with Avis and AutoNation for vehicle maintenance.[68] With Lyft, Waymo is partnering on airplane pilot projects and product evolution.[84]

Prc's Geely Belongings said its premium electrical mobility brand, Zeekr, will brand electric vehicles for Waymo, Alphabet Inc's self-driving unit of measurement, to be deployed as fully autonomous ride-hailing vehicles across the United States.[85]

Road testing [edit]

Chronology [edit]

A Toyota Prius modified to operate as a Google driverless car, navigating a test course[86]

By 2018, Waymo had tested its organization in six states and 25 cities across the U.South over a span of ix years.[76] [78] In 2009, Google began testing its self-driving cars in the San Francisco Bay Surface area.[87] Google'south vehicles have traversed San Francisco'southward Lombard Street, famed for its steep hairpin turns, and through city traffic. The cars take driven over the Golden Gate Bridge and effectually Lake Tahoe.[19] The system operates at the speed limit it has stored on its maps and maintains its distance from other vehicles using its system of sensors.[88]

By December 2013, four U.S. states had passed laws permitting democratic cars: Nevada, Florida, California, and Michigan.[89] A law proposed in Texas would also allow testing of, "autonomous motor vehicles".[90] [91]

In April 2014, the team appear that their vehicles had logged almost 700,000 autonomous miles (1.1 meg km).[92] In June 2015, the squad announced that their vehicles had driven over 1,000,000 mi (1,600,000 km), stating that this was "the equivalent of 75 years of typical U.S. adult driving", and that in the process they had encountered 200,000 stop signs, 600,000 traffic lights, and 180 million other vehicles.[93] Google also announced its prototype vehicles were being road tested in Mountain View, California.[94] During testing, the prototypes' speed did not exceed 25 mph (twoscore km/h) and had safe drivers aboard. As a consequence, one of the vehicles was stopped by police for impeding traffic flow.[95]

In 2015, Google expanded its road-testing to Texas, where regulations did not prohibit cars without pedals and a steering bike.[96] Bills were introduced by interested parties to similarly change the legislation in California.[97]

Google took its showtime driverless ride on public roads in October 2015, when Mahan took a 10-minute solo ride effectually Austin in a Google "pod motorcar" with no steering wheel or pedals.[98] In 2016, the company expanded its road testing to the dry Phoenix, Arizona, area, and Kirkland, Washington, which has a wet climate.[99] In May 2016, the company opened a 53,000 square foot self-driving applied science development eye in Novi, Michigan.[100] As of June 2016[update], Google had test driven its fleet of vehicles, in autonomous mode, a total of 1,725,911 mi (two,777,585 km).[101] In August 2016 alone, their cars traveled a "full of 170,000 miles; of those, 126,000 miles were autonomous (i.e., the automobile was fully in control)".[102]

Offset of 2017, Waymo reported to California DMV a total of 636,868 miles covered by the fleet in democratic mode, and the associated 124 disengagements, for the period from December ane, 2015, through November thirty, 2016.[103]

In November 2017, Waymo altered its Arizona testing by removing condom drivers in the driver position from their autonomous Chrysler Pacificas.[47] The cars were geofenced within a 100 square mile region surrounding Chandler, Arizona.[47] Waymo's early on rider plan members were the commencement to take rides using the new technology.[47]

Waymo began testing its level iv autonomous cars in Arizona for several reasons: practiced weather, unproblematic roads, and lax democratic vehicle laws.[47] Users hail vehicles through the Waymo app. They besides accept access to an onboard support arrangement that tin can connect riders to a Waymo agent.[104] In 2017, Waymo began weather testing in Michigan.[63] Also, in 2017, Waymo unveiled its test facility, Castle, on 91 acres in Fundamental Valley, California. Castle, a former airbase, has served as the project'southward training course since 2012.[47]

According to a Waymo written report, every bit of March 2018, Waymo'due south cocky-driving engineering had driven more than v meg miles on public roads and more than than v billion miles via simulation.[66] Waymo's 25,000 virtual self-driving cars travel viii 1000000 miles per day.[64] By October 2018, Waymo had completed x million miles of driving on public roads and over seven billion simulation miles, and by Jan 2020, 20 million miles of driving on public roads had been completed.[105] [106]

In March 2018, Waymo announced its plans to build additional real-world self-driving experiments with the company's self-driving trucks delivering for sister visitor Google's data centers located in Atlanta, Georgia.[107]

Every bit of September 12, 2018[update], Waymo was waiting for permits to exam the cars in California, hoping to test in Los Altos, Mount View, Palo Alto, and Sunnyvale.[108] On October 30, 2018, the California Department of Motor Vehicles issued a let for Waymo to operate fully driverless cars (i.eastward., cars without human being condom drivers). Waymo was the first company to receive a let, that allows solar day and nighttime testing on public roads and highways in California. In a blog mail, Waymo announced that its fully driverless cars would be restricted to Mount View, Sunnyvale, Los Altos, and Palo Alto — all communities close to parent company Alphabet's headquarters (Googleplex).[109] [110] In July 2019, Waymo was permitted by California regulators to transport passengers in its vehicles.[111]

In December 2018, Waymo launched the commercial self-driving motorcar service chosen "Waymo One", allowing users in the Phoenix metropolitan area to use an app and request a pick-up. The service uses safe backup drivers who monitor the rides, with a smaller percentage of rides being provided in select areas past fully driverless vehicles. In Nov 2019, Waymo One was the first democratic service worldwide operating without any safety drivers in the car.[ii] [three] [4] The service was paused in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with a express service restarted in June 2020.[112] In September 2020, Waymo announced it had partnered with fellow Alphabet company Verily to provide COVID-19 testing to its front-line employees and partners.[113]

In 2021, Waymo expanded testing of Waymo Ane to San Francisco. In February 2021 the company started limited rider testing in San Francisco with Waymo employee volunteers. In August 2021, commercial Waymo 1 test service started in the city, first with a "trusted tester" rollout.[114]

In March 2022, Waymo said that they volition brainstorm offering rides in San Francisco without a driver. The driverless rides will be bachelor but for Waymo staff to start.[115]

Crashes [edit]

In June 2015, Google confirmed the occurrence of 12 collisions.[116] By July 2015, Google's 23 self-driving cars have been involved in 14 minor collisions on public roads.[117] On Feb xiv, 2016, while creeping forward to a stoplight, a Google self-driving car attempted to avoid sandbags blocking its path. During the maneuver, it struck the side of a bus. Google addressed the crash, saying, "In this example, we clearly acquit some responsibleness because if our car hadn't moved in that location wouldn't take been a collision."[118] [119] Some incomplete video footage of the crash is bachelor.[120] Google characterized the crash as a misunderstanding and a learning experience.[121] The company besides stated, "This blazon of misunderstanding happens between homo drivers on the route every day."[122] Google maintained that, in all cases other than the February 2016 incident, the vehicle itself was not at fault because the cars were either being manually driven or the driver of another vehicle was at fault.[123] [124] [125]

Google initially maintained monthly reports that include whatsoever traffic incidents that its cocky-driving cars had been involved in.[126] Waymo now publishes its own safe reports.[127]

Waymo and other companies are required by the California DMV to report the number of incidents during testing where the human driver took command for condom reasons. Some of these incidents were not reported by Google when simulations indicated the automobile would take stopped on its own. In that location is some controversy concerning this distinction between driver-initiated disengagements that Google reports and those that it does not report.[128]

Limitations [edit]

Waymo operates in some of its testing markets, such as Chandler, Arizona, at level 4 autonomy with no one sitting behind the steering wheel, sharing roadways with other drivers and pedestrians.[47] [104] However, more testing is needed. Waymo's earlier testing has focused on areas without harsh weather, extreme density, or complicated road systems, only it has moved on to test nether new weather.[66] [98] As a result, Waymo has begun testing in areas with harsher conditions, such equally its wintertime testing in Michigan.[63]

In 2014, a critic wrote in the MIT Technology Review that unmapped stop lights would cause issues with Waymo's engineering and the self-driving technology could not detect potholes. Additionally, the lidar applied science cannot spot some potholes or discern when humans, such as a police officers, signal the car to stop, the critic wrote.[129] Waymo has worked to amend how its technology responds in construction zones.[130] [131]

Commercialization [edit]

In 2012, Brin stated that Google Self-Driving cars would be available for the general public in 2017.[132] In 2014, this schedule was updated by projection manager Chris Urmson to indicate a possible release from 2017 to 2020.[133]

In December 2016, Waymo CEO John Krafcik stated in a blog mail, "Nosotros can see our engineering science existence useful in personal vehicles, ridesharing, logistics, or solving terminal mile problems for public transport. Our side by side stride as Waymo volition exist to allow people use our vehicles to practice everyday things like run errands, commute to work, or get safely domicile afterwards a night on the town." Temporary use of vehicles is known as Transportation equally a Service (TaaS).[134]

Waymo highlighted four specific business organization uses for its democratic tech in 2017: Ridesharing, users can hail cars equipped with Waymo technology via transportation network company apps; trucking and logistics, urban last-mile solutions for public transportation, and passenger cars.[63] In 2017, Waymo was too considering licensing autonomous applied science to vehicle manufacturers.[98] [135]

In May 2018, Waymo established a subsidiary in Shanghai, Huimo Business Consulting, with $441,000 of funding.[136]

In April 2021, new co-CEOs Dmitri Dolgov and Tekedra Mawakana of Waymo emphasised that Alphabet's self-driving powerhouse e'er stick to a condom-conscious roadmap to robotic ride-hailing, trucks and personal vehicles, even though it cost longer fourth dimension to commercialization, in their start joint interview.[137]

Robo-taxis [edit]

In August 2013, news reports surfaced about Robo-Taxi, a proposed driverless vehicle taxicab service from Google.[138] These reports re-appeared again in early 2014,[139] following the granting of a patent to Google for an advertising fee funded transportation service which included democratic vehicles as a transport method.[140] Google consultant Larry Burns says self-driving, taxi-like vehicles "should be viewed as a new form of public transportation".[131]

In Apr 2017, Waymo launched an early on rider program in Phoenix, Arizona, which signed upwardly 400 users to try out a examination edition of Waymo's transportation service. Over the next year, 400 riders used the Waymo service, providing feedback.[141] In May 2018, Waymo appear that it planned to permit anybody in Phoenix to request a driverless ride before the end of the year.[142] [143] On December 5, 2018, the visitor launched a commercial self-driving car service chosen "Waymo One"; users in the Phoenix metropolitan surface area apply an app to asking a option-upwardly.[ane] By November 2019, the service was operating autonomous vehicles without a safety backup driver, the get-go democratic service worldwide operating without prophylactic drivers in the car.[2] [3] [iv] In 2021, the company started public testing in San Francisco.[114]

Trucking and delivery [edit]

"Waymo Via" is the trucking segmentation of Waymo, which launched in March 2020.[53] [144] Using the same sensors and software as Waymo's other autonomous vehicles, Form 8 tractor-trailers began testing Waymo'due south self-driving technology in California and Arizona in 2017.[145] In 2018, Waymo launched a airplane pilot program with Google to use autonomous trucks to move freight to its sister visitor'due south Atlanta-area information centers.[145] Co-ordinate to a Send Topics news article, "Waymo does not intend to get into truck manufacturing or shipping services. Instead, it wants to work with OEMs and motor carriers to get its engineering into vehicles."[146] In October 2019, CEO John Krafcik stated that Waymo was fleshing out the trucking side of the business, and that self-driving commercial business organisation vehicles might grab on faster than the ride-hailing robotaxi service.[147] In June 2020, Waymo announced its plans to focus testing efforts on southwest shipping routes including, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California.[146] In August 2020 the company added a new trucking hub in Dallas, Texas, to test their fleet of Peterbilt trucks in diverse commercial settings.[148] In October 2020, Waymo announced a global strategic partnership with Daimler AG to integrate Waymo's driver technology into a fleet of Freightliner Cascadia semi-trailer trucks.[11]

Waymo has also expanded the use of their self-driving technology to commercial delivery vehicles. In January 2020 the company announced a airplane pilot program with United Parcel Service, where Waymo vehicles transfer packages from UPS stores to a UPS sorting facility.[149] This process allows packages at the UPS stores to exist moved more rapidly into the UPS delivery organisation, instead of waiting to selection them upward at the end of the day.[150] In July 2020 Waymo and Stellantis appear an expansion of their partnership, including the development of level iv autonomous Ram ProMaster delivery vehicles.[151]

Waymo LLC 5. Uber Technologies, Inc. et al. [edit]

In February 2017, Waymo sued Uber and its subsidiary self-driving trucking company, Otto, with allegations of stealing trade secrets and infringing on patents. The company claimed that three ex-Google employees, including Anthony Levandowski, had stolen trade secrets, including thousands of driverless machine engineering science files, from Google before joining Uber.[152] The infringement is related to Waymo's proprietary lidar applied science,[153] [154] which could measure the distances between objects using laser and create their three-dimensional representations.[155] Google defendant Uber of colluding with Levandowski to obtain information about its lidar and other technologies in its driverless car project.[156] The former Google engineer downloaded 9 gigabytes of information that included over a hundred trade secrets; eight were at pale during the trial.[157] [158]

The trial began on February 5, 2018,[159] and ended on February 9, as a settlement was announced with Uber giving Waymo 0.34 percentage of Uber'south stock,[152] the equivalent of $245 meg in Uber equity and like-minded to ensure Uber does non infringe Waymo's intellectual property.[160] Role of the understanding included a guarantee that "Waymo confidential information is not being incorporated in Uber Advanced Technologies Group hardware and software."[161] In released statements later the settlement, Uber maintained that it received no merchandise secrets.[162] In May, according to the argument from Matt Kallman, an Uber spokesman, Uber had fired Levandowski, which resulted in a loss of roughly $250 million of his own equity in Uber and this value almost exactly equaled to the stock value Uber paid to Waymo LLC.[152]

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Further reading [edit]

  • Grant, Christian (May 2007). "Episode Exe006: Sebastian Thrun, Director, Stanford Bogus Intelligence Laboratory". Executive Talks.
  • Lin, Patrick (July 30, 2013). "The Ethics of Saving Lives with Autonomous Cars Are Far Murkier Than Yous Think". Wired . Retrieved August 24, 2013.
  • Marcus, Gary (Nov 27, 2012). "Moral Machines". The New Yorker . Retrieved Baronial 24, 2013.
  • Muller, Joann (May 27, 2013). "Silicon Valley vs. Detroit: The Battle for the Auto of the Hereafter". Forbes.
  • Stock, Kyle (April 3, 2014). "The Trouble with Self-Driving Cars". Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved April six, 2014.
  • Walker Smith, Bryant (November 1, 2012), Automated Vehicles Are Probably Legal in the Us, Stanford Law School, retrieved Baronial 24, 2013

External links [edit]

  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata
  • Waymo on Twitter
  • Scalability in Perception for Democratic Driving: Waymo Open Dataset
  • Waymo Cocky Driving Machine Videos - citizen journalist recording Waymo autonomous trips in Phoenix area

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waymo

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